Republican hybridization: the bicentennial and Peruvian political culture in the 19th and 21st centuries

Abstract

This essay deals with Peruvian republicanism and compares two of its most emblematic periods: the one that encompasses the long First Militarism, which can be placed in the 19th century between 1822 and 1872, and the democratic-authoritarian alternation in the 20th and 21st centuries, that covers the period between 1980 and 2016. Using the comparative method, this research aims to establish the presence of political systems opposed to republicanism, such as patrimonialism, clientelism and caudillismo, in both periods of study, which results in a dysfunctional and hybridized political system close to commemorating the bicentennial of the independence of Peru.