Burnout y su relación con la toma de decisiones, el desempeño y la efectividad del liderazgo según el nivel jerárquico: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26439/pjm2026.n003.7938Palabras clave:
burnout, toma de decisiones, niveles jerárquicos, desempeño laboral, liderazgo, funciones cognitivasResumen
Objetivos: analizar sistemáticamente cómo el burnout se relaciona con la toma de decisiones y la efectividad del liderazgo a lo largo de los niveles jerárquicos (operativo, intermedio y alta dirección), identificando factores psicológicos y contextuales moduladores. Metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática PRISMA (Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar), se hallaron diecinueve estudios empíricos (2015-2025) y se añadió un análisis bibliométrico (VOSviewer) para mapear clústeres temáticos. Resultados: en roles operativos, el burnout deteriora funciones ejecutivas clave para decidir (atención, memoria de trabajo); en mandos intermedios, se asocia con aversión al riesgo y menor liderazgo orientado a metas; y, en alta dirección, reduce la claridad cognitiva y se vincula con peores resultados organizacionales. Estos efectos se agravan por un liderazgo autoritario, una centralización excesiva, escaso apoyo y silencio organizacional. Implicancias prácticas: priorización de intervenciones por nivel (pausas y rediseño de turnos en el nivel operativo; coaching y cargas realistas en mandos intermedios; métricas de bienestar en los KPI ejecutivos), formación de líderes para gestionar estrés y participación de trabajadores en decisiones. Implicancias sociales: reducir burnout mejora la seguridad del paciente/cliente, retiene el talento y la confianza institucional; mientras que las políticas de salud mental en el trabajo (OMS/OIT) pueden disminuir desigualdades y fortalecer culturas organizacionales saludables. Originalidad/valor: este trabajo recopila información sobre cómo el burnout se relaciona con la toma de decisiones según el nivel jerárquico, integrando evidencia psicológica y organizacional. Su enfoque dual (revisión sistemática y bibliometría) ofrece una visión estructural del campo, identifica vacíos y propone intervenciones específicas. Los hallazgos muestran al burnout como riesgo sistémico, con implicaciones para políticas de bienestar y formación de líderes.
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