Medicina complementaria y alternativa en Youtube: un estudio exploratorio de las comunidades de creadores de contenidos

Palabras clave: YouTube, creadores de contenidos, comunicación sanitaria, terapias alternativas, análisis visual de redes

Resumen

El objetivo de este artículo es explorar las comunidades generadas en YouTube por creadores de contenidos sobre medicina complementaria y alternativa (MCA). A través de la teoría de grafos, el análisis visual de redes y una amplia visión del contenido de los canales seleccionados se examinan las comunidades para evaluar su solidez como comunidad en función de su grado de conexión y densidad. Las comunidades fuertes están compuestas por individuos que difunden el mismo tema y punto de vista y que actúan como un solo bloque. Los resultados mostraron que los creadores de contenidos que promueven la MCA en YouTube tienen comunidades pequeñas y débiles; en cambio, los creadores de contenidos relacionados con la divulgación científica, que están en contra de la MCA, han construido comunidades fuertes.

Descargas

La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.

Biografía del autor/a

Lorena Cano-Orón, Universitat de València, España

Doctora en Comunicación e Interculturalidad por la Universidad de Valencia, España

Cristian Ruiz, IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Portugal

Magíster en Ciencias de la Comunicación por la Universidad Nueva de Lisboa, Portugal

Citas

Allgaier, J. (2019). Science and medicine on YouTube. In J. Hunsinger, M. M. Allen & L. Klastrup (Eds.), Second International Handbook of Internet Research (pp. 7-27). Springer; Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1555-1_1

Amarasekara, I., & Grant, W. J. (2019). Exploring the YouTube science communication gender gap: a sentiment analysis. Public Understanding of Science, 28(1), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662518786654

Arthurs, J., Drakopoulou, S., & Gandini, A. (2018). Researching YouTube. Convergence, 24(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517737222

Barabási, A. L. (2016). Network science. Cambridge University Press.

Barry, A. E., Muraleetharan, D., Nelon, J. L., Lautner, S. C., Callahan, M., Zhang, X., Herren, M., Chaney, B. H., & Stellfeson, M. (2018). Public perceptions of powdered alcohol use and misuse: narrative perspectives from YouTube. American Journal of Health Education, 49(4), 214-221, https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2018.1465865

Bärtl, M. (2018). YouTube channels, uploads and views: a statistical analysis of the past 10 years. Convergence, 24(1), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736979

Basch, C. H., Fung, I. C.-H., Hammond, R. N., Blankenship, E. B., Tse, Z. T. H., Fu, K.-W., Ip, P., & Basch, C. E. (2017). Zika virus on YouTube: an analysis of English-language video content by source. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 50(2), 133-140. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.107

Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy M. (2009). Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 3(1), 361-362. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v3i1.13937

Bertin, J. (1967). Sémiologie graphique. Les diagrammes, Les réseaux, Les cartes. Paris-La Haye; Mouton & Co.; Paris; Gauthier-Villars.

Bortoliero, S. T., & León, B. (2017). El rigor científico en el vídeo online. La percepción de los expertos sobre los vídeos de contaminación del aire en Youtube. Observatorio (OBS*), 11(3), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs1132017925

Briones, R., Nan, X., Madden, K., & Waks, L. (2012). When vaccines go viral: an analysis of HPV vaccine coverage on YouTube. Health Communication, 27(5), 478-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.610258

Brosnan, C. (2015). ‘Quackery’ in the academy? Professional knowledge, autonomy and the debate over complementary medicine degrees. Sociology, 49(6), 1047-1064. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038514557912

Caldwell, E. F. (2017). Quackademia? Mass-Media delegitimation of homeopathy education. Science as Culture, 26(3), 380-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2017.1316253

Cano-Orón, L. (2019). A Twitter campaign against pseudoscience: the sceptical discourse on complementary therapies in Spain. Public Understanding of Science, 28(6), 679-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662519853228

Cano-Orón, L., & Lopera-Pareja, E. H. (2021). Media and science policy: Who influences whom regarding complementary and alternative medicines regulation. The International Journal of Press/Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211047587

Cano-Orón, L., Mendoza-Poudereux, I., & Moreno-Castro, C. (2019). Perfil sociodemográfico del usuario de la homeopatía en España. Atención Primaria, 51(8), 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2018.07.006

Caulfield, T., Marcon, A. R., Murdoch, B., Brown, J. M., Perrault, S. T., Jarry, J., Snyder, J., Anthony, S. J., Brooks, S., Master, Z., Rachul, C., Ogbogu, U., Greenberg, J., Zarzeczny, A., & Hyde-Lay, R. (2019). Health misinformation and the power of narrative messaging in the public sphere. Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue Canadienne de Bioéthique, 2(2), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060911ar

Chatfield, K., Partington, H., & Duckworth, J. (2012). The place of the university in the provision of CAM education. Aust J Homeopathic Med, 24(1), 16-20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233747257_The_Place_of_the_University_in_the_Provision_of_CAM_Education

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943

Corell-Doménech, M. (2019). Terapeutas alternativos en México y la estrategia de la OMS sobre medicina tradicional 2014-2023: comunicación, creencias y factores socio-económicos. Perspectivas de la Comunicación, 12(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-48672019000100059

Daabes, A. S. A., & Kharbat, F. F. (2019). A content analysis of Arabic YouTube videos forcancer treatment. International Journal of Health Governance, 24(4), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-05-2019-0035

Decuypere, M. (2020). Visual network analysis: a qualitative method for researching sociomaterial practice. Qualitative Research, 20(1), 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794118816613

Donzelli, G., Palomba, G., Federigi, I., Aquino, F., Cioni, L., Verani, M., Carducci, A., & Lopalco, P. (2018). Misinformation on vaccination: a quantitative analysis of YouTube videos. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 14(7), 1654-1659. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1454572

Evans, M., Shaw, A., Thompson, E. A., Falk, S., Turton, P., Thompson, T., & Sharp, D. (2007). Decisions to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by male cancer patients: information-seeking roles and types of evidence used. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-7-25

Falkenberg, T., Lewith, G., Roberti di Sarsina, P., von Ammon, K., Santos-Rey, K., Hök, J., Frei-Erb, M., Vas, J., Saller, R., & Uehleke, B. (2012). Towards a pan-European definition of complementary and alternative medicine - a realistic ambition?” Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Complementary Medicine Research, 19(Suppl. 2), 6-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000343812

Farley, T. (2009). Skepticism via YouTube. Skeptical Inquirer, 33(6). https://skepticalinquirer.org/2009/11/skepticism-via-youtube/

Fishman, J. M., & Casarett, D. (2006). Mass media and medicine: when the most trusted media mislead. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 81(3), 291-293. https://doi.org/10.4065/81.3.291

Fu, S., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Bi, Q., Guo, F., & Qu, H. (2018). VisForum: a visual analysis system for exploring user groups in online forums. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), 8(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3162075

Gale, N. (2014). The sociology of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine. Sociology Compass, 8(6), 805-822. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12182

Garrett, B., Caulfield, T., Murdoch, B., Brignall, M. S., Kapur, A. K., Murphy, S. K., Nelson, E., Reardon, J., Harrison, M., Hislop, J., Wilson-Keates, B., Anthony, J. H., Loewen, P. C., Musoke, R., & Braun, J. (2022). A taxonomy of risk-associated alternative health practices: a Delphi study. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(3), 1163-1181. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13386

Granovetter, M. S. (1977). The strength of weak ties. Social Networks, 78, 347-367. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-442450-0.50025-0

Hornik, R., Parvanta, S., Mello, S., Freres, D., Kelly, B., & Schwartz, J. S. (2013). Effects of scanning (routine health information exposure) on cancer screening and prevention behaviors in the general population. Journal of Health Communication, 18(12), 1422-1435. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.798381

Idoyaga Molina, A. (2005). Reflexiones sobre la clasificación de medicinas. Análisis de una propuesta conceptual. Scripta Ethnologica, 27, 111-147. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/148/14811516007.pdf

Instituto Cervantes. (2019). El español: una lengua viva. Informe 2019. https://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf

Kelly-Hedrick, M., Grunberg, P. H., Brochu, F., & Zelkowitz, P. (2018). It’s totally okay to be sad, but never lose hope: content analysis of infertility-related videos on YouTube in relation to viewer preferences. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.2196/10199

Kettell, S. (2014). Divided we stand: the politics of the atheist movement in the United States. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 29(3), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2014.945722

Lopera-Pareja, E. H., & Cano-Orón, L. (2021). Media’s portrayal of CAM: Exploring 40 years of narratives and meanings in public discourse. Journalism, 23(10), 2171-2191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920985407

Madathil, K. C., Rivera-Rodriguez, A. J., Greenstein, J. S., & Gramopadhye, A. K. (2015). Healthcare information on YouTube: A systematic review. Health Informatics journal, 21(3), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458213512220

Marcon, A. R., & Caulfield, T. (2017). Commenting on chiropractic: a YouTube analysis. Cogent Medicine, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205x.2016.1277450

Moody, J., & White, D. R. (2003). Structural cohesion and embeddedness: a hierarchical concept of social groups. American Sociological Review, 68(1), 103-127. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088904

Pérez, C., Sepúlveda, D., Cova, F., & Nazar, G. (2020). Salud intercultural desde la visión de las comunidades mapuche de Cañete y Tirúa. Revista Ciencias de la Salud, 18(1), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.8778

Pithadia, D. J., Reynolds, K. A., Lee, E. B., & Wu, J. J. (2019). A cross-sectional study of YouTube videos as a source of patient information about topical psoriasis therapies. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 31(4), 366-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2019.1597247

Reddy, K., Kearns, M., Álvarez-Arango, S., Carrillo Martín, I., Cuervo-Pardo, N., CuervoPardo, L., Dimov, V., Lang, D., López-Álvarez, S., Schroer, B., Mohan, K., Dula, M., Zheng, S., Kozinetz, C., & González-Estrada, A. (2018). YouTube and food allergy: an appraisal of the educational quality of information. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 29(4), 410-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12885

Rieder, B. (2017, December 5). YouTube data tools (Version 1.08) [Software]. https://tools.digitalmethods.net/netvizz/youtube/

Ruppert, L., Køster, B., Siegert, A. M., Cop, C., Boyers, L., Karimkhani, C., Winston, H., Mounessa, J., Dellavalle, R. P., Reinau, D., Diepgen, T., & Surber, C. (2017). YouTube as a source of health information: analysis of sun protection and skin cancer prevention related issues. Dermatology Online Journal, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.5070/d3231033669

Smith, C., & Cimino, R. (2015). The creation of secularist space on the Internet. In S. Brunn (Ed.), The changing world religion map (pp. 3733-3749). Springer; Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_196

Smith, J. M., & Payne, H. J. (2017). Social capital.The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118955567.wbieoc189

Tabassum, S., Pereira, F. S. F., Fernandes, S., & Gama, J. (2018). Social network analysis: an overview. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1256

Torres, I., & Trinidad, J. C. (2015). Analysis of the YouTube channel recommendation network. CS 224W Project Milestone. https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs224w2015/projects_2015/Analysis_of_the_YouTube_Channel_Recommendation_Network.pdf

Tulin, M., Pollet, T. V., & Lehmann-Willenbrock, N. (2018). Perceived group cohesion versus actual social structure: a study using social network analysis of egocentric Facebook networks. Social Science Research, 74, 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.04.004

Varshney, D., & Vishwakarma, D. K. (2021). A unified approach for detection of Clickbait videos on YouTube using cognitive evidences. Applied Intelligence, 51(7), 4214-4235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-02057-9

Vaterlaus, J. M., Patten, E. V., Roche, C., & Young, J. A. (2015). #Gettinghealthy: the perceived influence of social media on young adult health behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013

Venkatraman, A., Garg, N., & Kumar, N. (2015). Greater freedom of speech on Web 2.0 correlates with dominance of views linking vaccines to autism. Vaccine, 33, 1422-1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.078

Venturini, T., Jacomy, M., & Carvalho Pereira, D. (2015). Visual network analysis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278030230_Visual_Network_Analysis

Venturini, T., Jacomy, M., & Jensen, P. (2019). What do we see when we look at networks. An introduction to visual network analysis and force-directed layouts. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3378438

Weeks, L. C., & Strudsholm, T. (2008). A scoping review of research on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the mass media: looking back, moving forward. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-8-43

Wieland, L. S., Manheimer, E., & Berman, B. M. (2011). Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane collaboration. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 17(2), 50-59. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196853/

World Health Organization (2013). WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/92455

Yang, Q., Sangalang, A., Rooney, M., Maloney, E. K., Emery, S., & Cappella, J. N. (2018). How is marijuana vaping portrayed on YouTube? Content, features, popularity and retransmission of vaping marijuana YouTube videos. Journal of Health Communication, 23(4), 360-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1448488

Yin, J., Basch, C. H., Adnan, M. M., Fullwood, M. D., Menafro, A., & Fung, I. C. (2018). Attributes of videos on YouTube related to cupping therapy. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 24(6), 32-37. http://www.alternative-therapies.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/archives.main&mode=issue&issueid=7391

YouTube Help (2020, April 19). Youtube channel monetization policies. https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1311392?hl=en

Zannettou, S., Chatzis, S., Papadamou, K., & Sirivianos, M. (2018). The good, the bad and the bait: detecting and characterizing clickbait on YouTube. 2018 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1109/spw.2018.00018

Publicado
2023-05-30
Cómo citar
Cano-Orón, L., & Ruiz, C. (2023). Medicina complementaria y alternativa en Youtube: un estudio exploratorio de las comunidades de creadores de contenidos. Contratexto, (039), 215-241. https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto2023.n39.5723