Covid-19 and financial inclusión. A microeconometric análisis for the Peruvian case

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26439/ddee2025.n007.7308

Keywords:

financial inclusion, technology, informal, COVID-19

Abstract

The objective of the research is to identify the determinants of financial inclusion in Peru for the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, that is, from the beginning of 2019 to the end of 2020. A logistic model was used where the endogenous variable is a financial inclusion dummy as defined by Trivelli y Mendoza (2021). The main findings are that the greater use of technology significantly increases the probability of financial inclusion and that informality reduces the probability of it. In turn, being a woman, the incidence of COVID-19, not belonging to a majority ethnic group and having a secondary education also increases the probability of financial inclusion, but to a lesser extent. Therefore, it is concluded that financial inclusion will improve in cooperation with civil society, the government and firms is highlighted.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aduda, J., & Kalunda, E. (2012). Financial inclusion and financial sector stability with reference to Kenya: A review of literature. Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 2(6), 95-120. https://ideas.repec.org/a/spt/apfiba/v2y2012i6f2_6_8.html

Aji, H. M., Berakon, I., & Md Husin, M. (2020). COVID-19 and e-wallet usage intention: A multigroup analysis between Indonesia and Malaysia. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1804181

Alianza para la Inclusión Financiera. (2010). La medición de la inclusión financiera para entes reguladores: diseño e implementación de encuestas. Bankable Frontier Associates. https://www.afi-global.org/sites/default/files/pdfimages/afi%20policy%20paper-SP%20(2).pdf

Alwi, S., Mohd Salleh, M. N., Munirah Alpandi, R., Ya’acob, F. F., & Abdullah, S. M. M. (2021). Fintech as financial inclusion: factors affecting behavioral intention to accept mobile e-wallet during COVID-19 outbreak. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(7), 2130-2141. https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/3356

Aparicio, C., & Jaramillo, M. (2012). Determinantes de la inclusión al sistema financiero: ¿cómo hacer para que el Perú alcance los mejores estándares a nivel internacional [Documento de Trabajo SBS-DT-004-2012]. SBS. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/portals/4/jer/pub-estudios-investigaciones/dt-4-2012_aparicio_jaramillo.pdf

Arbulú, F., & Heras, S. (2019). Género e inclusión financiera [Documento de Trabajo SBS-DT-002-2019]. SBS. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/Portals/4/jer/PUB-ESTUDIOS-INVESTIGACIONES/Genero_e_Inclusion%20.pdf

Banco Mundial. (2008). Finance for all? Policies and pitfalls in expanding access. World Bank Group.

Botric, V., & Broz, T. (2017). Gender differences in financial inclusion: Central and South Eastern Europe. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 15(2), 209-227. https://ideas.repec.org/a/seb/journl/v15y2017i2p209-227.html

Cámara, N., Peña, X., & Tuesta, D. (2013). Determinantes de la inclusión financiera en Perú [Documento de Trabajo 13/31]. BBVA Research. https://www.bbvaresearch.com/publicaciones/determinantes-de-la-inclusion-financiera-en-peru/

Chinoda, T., & Kwenda, F. (2019). The impact of institutional quality and governance on financial inclusion in Africa: A two-step system generalized method of moments approach. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 12(1), a441. https://doi.org/10.4102/jef.v12i1.441

Cipoletta Tomassian, G., & Matos, A. (2018). Hechos estilizados sobre la inclusión financiera en América Latina. En E. Pérez Caldentey & D. Titelman (Eds.), La inclusión financiera para la inserción productiva y el papel de la banca de desarrollo (pp. 37-58). Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/44213-la-inclusion-financiera-la-insercion-productiva-papel-la-banca-desarrollo

Clamara, N., Peña, X., & Tuesta, D. (2014). Factors that matter for financial inclusion: evidence from Peru [Working Paper 14/09]. BBVA Research. https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/mult/WP_1409_tcm348-426338.pdf

Deere, C. D., & Catanzarite, Z. B. (2017). ¿Quién obtiene préstamos para acumular activos? Clase, género y endeudamiento en el mercado crediticio del Ecuador. Revista CEPAL, (122), 115-137. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstreams/b4c89c57-5722-4b28-a9fc-44995a594764/download

Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Singer, D. (2013). Financial inclusion and legal discrimination against women: evidence from developing countries [Policy Research Working Paper 6416]. World Bank. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15553

Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the Fintech revolution. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0

Farazi, S. (2014). Informal firms and financial inclusion: status and determinants [Policy Research Working Paper 6778]. World Bank. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17322

Fernandes, C., Borges, M. R., & Caiado, J. (2020). The contribution of digital financial services to financial inclusion in Mozambique: An ARDL model approach. Applied Economics, 53(3), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1808177

Fernández-Olit, B., Martín Martín, J. M., & Porras González, E. (2019). Systematized literature review on financial inclusion and exclusion in developed countries. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(3), 600-626. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-06-2019-0203

Gonzales, R., Aguilera-Lizarazu, G., Rojas-Hosse, A., & Aranda, P. (2020). The interaction effect of gender and ethnicity in loan approval: A Bayesian estimation with data from a laboratory field experiment. Review of Development Economics, 24(3), 726-749. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12607

Guan, J., & Wang, X. (2016). Financial inclusion: Measurement, spatial effects and influencing factors. Applied Economics, 49(18), 1751-1762. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1226488

Hinostroza, Á., & Ramírez, D. (2023). Políticas y marcos normativos de inclusión financiera en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico. Revista Moneda, (193), 30-36. https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Revista-Moneda/moneda-193/moneda-193-05.pdf

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2020). Tasa de empleo informal según ámbitos geográficos. https://m.inei.gob.pe/estadisticas/indice-tematico/ocupacion-y-vivienda/

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2021). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) 2019. https://www.datosabiertos.gob.pe/dataset/encuesta-nacional-de-hogares-enaho-2019-instituto-nacional-de-estad%C3%ADstica-e-inform%C3%A1tica-inei

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2022). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) 2020. https://www.datosabiertos.gob.pe/dataset/encuesta-nacional-de-hogares-enaho-2020-instituto-nacional-de-estad%C3%ADstica-e-inform%C3%A1tica-inei

Jamir, M. C., & Ezung, T. Z. (2017). Impact of education on employment, income and poverty in Nagaland. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 7(9), 50-56. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342130698_IMPACT_OF_EDUCATION_ON_EMPLOYMENT_INCOME_AND_POVERTY_IN_NAGALAND

Kelly, S., Rhyne, E., Livingstone, A., Mikkonen-Jeanneret, E., Contreras, P., & Baptista, R. (2015). Inclusión financiera y envejecimiento: una oportunidad. Center for Financial Inclusion, HelpAge International. https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/aging_and_financial_inclusion_sp.pdf

Kim, D. W., Yu, J. S., & Hassan, M. K. (2018). Financial inclusion and economic growth in OIC countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 43, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.178

Lenka, S. K., & Sharma, R. (2017). Does financial inclusion spur economic growth in India? The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(3), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2017.0069

Liu, T., He, G., & Turvey, C. G. (2019). Inclusive finance, farm households entrepreneurship, and inclusive rural transformation in rural poverty-stricken areas in China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 57(7), 1929-1958. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2019.1694506

Lopez, T., & Winkler, A. (2017). The challenge of rural financial inclusion: Evidence from microfinance. Applied Economics, 50(14), 1555-1577. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1368990

Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social. (2020, 7 de noviembre). Más de un millón de hogares vulnerables de todo el país recibirán el Bono Familiar Universal a través de billetera digital y banca celular. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/midis/noticias/312970-mas-de-un-millon-de-hogares-vulnerables-de-todo-el-pais-recibiran-el-bono-familiar-universal-a-traves-de-billetera-digital-y-banca-celular

Matsebula, V., & Yu, D. (2020). An analysis of financial inclusion in South Africa. African Review of Economics and Finance, 12(1), 171-202. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/aref/article/view/232422

Ministerio de Cultura. (2020). Buscador de localidades de pueblos indígenas. https://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/buscador-de-localidades-de-pueblos-indigenas

Mohammad, G. (2020, 12 de junio). COVID-19 response: Lessons from digital platforms, BigTechs. Alliance for Financial Inclusion. https://www.afi-global.org/newsroom/blogs/covid-19-response-lessons-from-digital-platforms-bigtechs/

Nandru, P., Chendragiri, M., & Velayutham, A. (2021). Determinants of digital financial inclusion in India: evidence from the World Bank’s global findex database. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-329541/v1

Okoye, L. U., Adetiloye, K. A., Erin, O., & Modebe, N. J. (2017). Financial inclusion as a strategy for enhanced economic growth and development. The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 22(S8), 1-14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323255566_FINANCIAL_INCLUSION_AS_A_STRATEGY_FOR_ENHANCED_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_AND_DEVELOPMENT

Omran, M. F. (2018). An analysis of the financial inclusion in South Africa considering race, education and income. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 14(5), 657-667. https://doi.org/10.1504/wremsd.2018.094341

Ortega, J. (2020, 7 de agosto). Día de los pueblos indígenas: la necesidad de llegar hasta ellos. BBVA. https://www.bbva.com/es/dia-de-los-pueblos-indigenas-la-necesidad-de-llegar-hasta-ellos/

Ouma, S. A., Odongo, T. M., & Were, M. (2017). Mobile financial services and financial inclusion: Is it a boon for savings mobilization? Review of Development Finance, 7(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2017.01.001

Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2017.12.003

Ozili, P. K. (2020). Financial inclusion research around the world: A review. Forum for Social Economics, 50(4), 457-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2020.1715238

Pavón, L. (2016). Inclusión financiera de las pymes en el Ecuador y México. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/40848-inclusion-financiera-pymes-ecuador-mexico

Sain, M. R., Rahman, M. M., & Khanam, R. (2018). Financial exclusion and the role of Islamic finance in Australia: a case study in Queensland. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 12(4), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v12i4.3

Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2008). Financial inclusion and development: a cross-country analysis [Sesión de conferencia]. Annual Conference of the Human Development and Capability Association, New Delhi, India. https://www.icrier.org/pdf/Mandira%20Sarma-Paper.pdf

Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461-464. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136

Smith, T. J., & Nichols, T. (2015). Understanding the millennial generation. The Journal of Business Diversity, 15(1), 39-47. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2035958

Sotomayor, N., Talledo, J., & Wong, S. (2018). Determinantes de la inclusión financiera en el Perú: evidencia reciente [Documento de Trabajo SBS-DT-006-2018]. SBS. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/Portals/0/jer/DDT_ANO2018/DT-001-2018%20(esp).pdf

Soumaré, I., Tchana, F., & Kengne, T. (2016). Analysis of the determinants of financial inclusion in Central and West Africa. Transnational Corporations Review, 8(4), 231-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2016.1265763

Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones. (2019). Estrategia nacional de inclusión financiera. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/Portals/0/jer/inclusion_financiera/ESTRATEGIA-NACIONAL-INCLUSION-FINANCIERA.pdf

Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones. (2020a). Informe de estabilidad del sistema financiero. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/Portals/0/jer/pub_InformeEstabilidad/Informe%20de%20Estabilidad%20Financiera_2020_II.pdf

Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones. (2020b). Perú: reporte de indicadores de inclusión financiera de los sistemas financieros, de seguros y de pensiones. https://intranet2.sbs.gob.pe/estadistica/financiera/2020/Junio/CIIF-0001-jn2020.PDF

Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones. (2021). Cajas rurales de ahorro y crédito. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/supervisados-y-registros/empresas-supervisadas/directorio-del-sistema-financiero/cajas-rurales-de-ahorro-y-credito

Tambini, J., Paliza, M., & Ramírez, D. (2024). Digitalización e inclusión financiera en Perú. Revista Moneda, 197, 9-24. https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Revista-Moneda/moneda-197/moneda-197-02.pdf

Trivelli, C., & Mendoza, J. (2021). Inclusión financiera en el 2020. Persistentes brechas de género. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/7030523/6053055-trivelli_mendoza_inclusion-financiera-2020-persistentes-brechas-genero.pdf

Vargas Florez. J. (2022). Brechas de la inclusión financiera digital en Perú, en un contexto de crisis económica y sanitaria por el COVID-19, usando el análisis de componentes principales. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/investigaciones/brecha.pdf

Vega, M., & Aurazo, J. (2020). Evolución de la inclusión financiera y uso de pagos digitales en el Perú: un análisis a partir de la ENAHO. Revista Moneda, (184), 15-20. https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Revista-Moneda/moneda-184/moneda-184-03.pdf

Zins. A., & Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2016.05.001

Published

2025-07-15

Issue

Section

Artículos

How to Cite

Covid-19 and financial inclusión. A microeconometric análisis for the Peruvian case. (2025). Desafíos: Economía Y Empresa, 007, 49-71. https://doi.org/10.26439/ddee2025.n007.7308

Most read articles by the same author(s)