Conceptualización, factores de riesgo y afectaciones psicosociales asociados a la adicción al trabajo: una revisión sistemática de literatura
Resumen
Introducción: la adicción al trabajo es una adicción conductual vinculada a problemas significativos de salud física, mental y social. Aunque no está reconocida en el Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM), su conceptualización ha surgido a partir de investigaciones que abordan determinantes psicológicos, de personalidad, psicosociales y organizacionales. Objetivos: esta revisión analiza el concepto de adicción al trabajo, lo diferencia del compromiso laboral (work engagement) y de la sobreimplicación (overcommitment), identifica factores predisponentes y examina sus efectos psicosociales. Metodología: siguiendo las directrices de la Colaboración Cochrane, se realizó una revisión cualitativa de artículos empíricos publicados entre 2019 y 2024, en inglés y español, en bases de datos académicas seleccionadas. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión, y el proceso se resumió en un diagrama de flujo PRISMA. Discusión y conclusiones: los hallazgos muestran que la adicción al trabajo está influida por factores personales (p. ej., rasgos de personalidad, neurobiología), organizacionales (p. ej., carga de trabajo, conflicto de roles, ausencia de políticas de equilibrio) y sociales (p. ej., valores culturales, presiones económicas, hiperconectividad). Es distinta del compromiso laboral y de la sobreimplicación, aunque existen puntos de solapamiento. La adicción al trabajo es un problema psicosocial poco reconocido, con consecuencias como estrés, burnout y riesgo de otras adicciones. La escasez de estudios en América Latina subraya la necesidad de investigaciones específicas para orientar estrategias de prevención e intervención.
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