Fake news: relación entre los rasgos de personalidad, la influencia social y la susceptibilidad a aceptarlas como reales
Resumen
Esta investigación explora la relación entre los cinco grandes factores de la personalidad y la susceptibilidad a la influencia social con la susceptibilidad a aceptar fake news (desinformación). La comprensión de este fenómeno a partir de las diferencias individuales es un campo poco investigado. No obstante, la difusión masiva de información falsa mediante redes sociales y las consecuencias que esto ha demostrado tener denotan la importancia de comprender el fenómeno. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron una tarea de fake news y la adaptación de la escala STPS (Susceptibility to Persuasion Scale) y del Mini-IPIP (International Personality Item Pool). Además, a través de un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple se generan dos modelos para predecir la susceptibilidad a aceptar noticias falsas como verdaderas. Los resultados apuntan a que ciertos rasgos de personalidad y la influencia social pueden ser útiles predictores de esta susceptibilidad, particularmente cuando la influencia social se contextualiza en el marco del consumo de noticias en redes sociales. Se recomiendan algunas correcciones para los cuestionarios utilizados y se sugieren algunas hipótesis en relación con la interacción entre la personalidad, la influencia social y la susceptibilidad a aceptar las fake news para posteriores investigaciones.
Descargas
Citas
Alkış, N., & Temizel, T. T. (2015). The impact of individual differences on influence strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.037
Anusic, I., & Schimmack, U. (2016). Stability and change of personality traits, self-esteem, and well-being: introducing the meta-analytic stability and change model of retest correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(5), 766-781. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000066
Aral, S., & Walker, D. (2012). Identifying influential and susceptible members of social networks. Science, 337(6092), 337-341, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215842
Arnocky, S., Bozek, E., Dufort, C., Rybka, S., & Hebert, R. (2018). Celebrity opinion influences public acceptance of human evolution. Evolutionary Psychology, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704918800656
Azucar, D., Marengo, D., & Settanni, M. (2018). Predicting the big 5 personality traits from digital footprints on social media: a meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.018
Baron, R. S., Kerr, N. L., & Miller, N. (1992). Group process, group decision, group action. Open University Press.
Barondes, S. (2015). Making sense of people: the science of personality differences. Pearson Education. Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
Baugh, F. (2002). Correcting effect sizes for score reliability: a reminder that measurement and substantive issues are linked inextricably. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(2), 254-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316440206200200
Bègue, L., Beauvois, J., Courbet, D., Oberlé, D., Lepage, J., & Duke, A. (2015). Personality predicts obedience in a Milgram paradigm. Journal of Personality, 83(3), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12104
Bessi, A., & Ferrara, E. (2016). Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. presidential election online discussion. First Monday, 21(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i11.7090
Bond, R. M., Fariss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A. D. I., Marlow, C., Settle, J. E., & Fowler, J. H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489, 295-298. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421
Burguess, J., & Bruns, Al. (2012). (Not) the twitter election: the dynamics of the #ausvotes conversation in relation to the Australian media ecology. Journalism Practice, 6(3), 384-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.663610
Burkhardt, J. M. (2017). History of fake news. Library Technology Reports, 53(8), 5-9. https://journals.ala.org/index.php/ltr/article/viewFile/6497/8631
Buss, D. M. (1992). Manipulation in close relationships: five personality factors in interactional context. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00981.x
Caldwell, D. F., & Burger, J. M. (1997). Personality and social influence strategies in the workplace. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(10), 1003–1012. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672972310001
Canto, J. M. (1998). Psicología de los grupos: estructura y procesos. Aljibe. Chaiken, S., & Eagly, A. H. (1983). Communication modality as a determinant of persuasion: The role of communicator salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.241
Cialdini, R. B. (2001a, octubre). Harnessing the science of persuasion. Harvard Business Review, 72-79. Cialdini, R. B. (2001b). Influence: science and practice. Allyn y Bacon.
Cialdini, R. B. (2007). Influence: the psychology of persuasion. Harper.
Cloninger, S. (2003). Teorías de la personalidad. Pearson Educación.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
De la Fuente, R. (1992). Psicología médica (2 ed.). Fondo de Cultura Económica.
De la Oliva Alzamora, M. P. & Prieto Molinari, D. E. (2021). Fake news: relación entre los rasgos de personalidad, la influencia social y la susceptibilidad a aceptarlas como reales [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Repositorio institucional de la Universidad de Lima. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12724/14072
Deng, S., Lin, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, X., & Li, H. (2017). How do personality traits shape information-sharing behaviour in social media? Exploring the mediating effect of generalized trust. Information Research, 22(3). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1156382.pdf
Downing, S. M., & Haladyna, T. M. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of test development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ernst, A. F., & Albers, C. J. (2017). Regression assumptions in clinical psychology research practice - a systematic review of common misconceptions. Peer J, 5, e3323. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3323
Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E. (1999). The role of the affective and cognitive bases of attitudes in susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bullletin, 25(3), 363-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025003008
Fang, R., Landis, B., Zhang, Z., Anderson, M. H., Shaw, J. D., & Kilduff, M. (2015). Integrating personality and social networks: a meta-analysis of personality, network position and work outcomes in organizations. Organization Science, 26(4), 1243-1260. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.0972
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Ferrando, P. J., & Anguiano-Carrasco, C. (2010). El análisis factorial como técnica de investigación en psicología. Papeles del Psicólogo, 31(1), 18-33. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=77812441003
Ferrara, E. (2015). Manipulation and abuse on social media. SIGWEB Newsletter, Spring, 4. https://doi.org/10.1145/2749279.2749283
Ferrara, E., & Yang, Z. (2015). Quantifying the effect of sentiment on information diffusion in social media. PeerJ Computer Science, 1, e26. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.26
Flintham, M., Karner, C., Bachour, K., Creswick, H., Gupta, N., & Moran, S. (2018, 21-26 de abril). Falling for fake news: Investigating the consumption of news via social media [Presentación de escrito]. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, Canadá. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173950
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2016). Personality: Classic theories and modern research. Pearson.
Fox, J., Ahn, S. J., Janssen, J. H., Yeykelis, L., Segovia, K. Y., & Bailenson, J. N. (2014). Avatars versus agents: a meta-analysis quantifying the effect of agency on social influence. Human-Computer Interaction, 30(5), 401-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2014.921494
García, G. M., De Diego, V., Garach, A., & García, F. (2018). Las redes sociales en la piel. Pediatría Atención Primaria, 20(78), 179-181. http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1139-76322018000200011
Gámez-Guadix, M., Almendros, C., Rodríguez-Mondragón, L., & Mateos-Pérez, E. (2020). Autolesiones online entre adolescentes españoles: análisis de la prevalencia y de las motivaciones. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 7(1), 9-15. http://www.revistapcna.com/sites/default/files/1903.pdf
Gampa, A., Wojcik, S. P., Motyl, M., Nosek, B. A., & Ditto, P. H. (2019). (Ideo) Logical reasoning: ideology impairs sound reasoning. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(8), 1075-1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619829059
Holland, G., & Tiggeman, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disorder eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
Jahng, M. R., & Littau, J. (2016). Interacting is believing: Interactivity, social cue, and perceptions of journalistic credibility on Twitter. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(1), 38-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015606680
Kaptein, M. C. (2011, 9-11 de junio). Adaptive persuasive messages in an e-commerce setting: The use of persuasion profiles [Presentación de escrito]. 19th European Conference on Information Systems, Helsinki, Finland. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2011/183/
Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
Margolin, D. B., Hannak, A., & Weber, I. (2018). Political fact-checking on Twitter: When do corrections have an effect? Political Communication, 35(2), 196-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334018
Martínez-Molina, A., & Arias, V. B. (2018). Balanced and positively worded personality short-forms: Mini-IPIP validity and cross-cultural invariance. PeerJ, 6, e5542. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5542
McCarthy, R. V., McCarthy M. M., Ceccucci, W., & Halawi, L. (2019). Predictive models using regression. En Applying Predictive Analytics (pp. 89-121). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14038-0_4
McGuire, W. J. (1968). Personality and attitude change: An information-processing theory. En A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, & T. M. Ostrom. (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 171-196). Academic Press.
McNeish, D. (2018) Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412-433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144
Morales, J., & Sabucedo, J. (Coords.). (2015). Psicología social. Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Moya, M., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (Coords.). (2011). Fundamentos de psicología social. Pirámide. Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2019). Salud del adolescente. https://www.who.int/es/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1
Ovejero, A. (2010). Psicología social: algunas claves para entender la conducta humana. Biblioteca Nueva.
Oyibo, K., & Vassileva, J. (2019). The relationship between personality traits and susceptibility to social influence. Computers in Human Behavior, 98, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.032
Pauner, C. (2018). Noticias falsas y libertad de expresión e información. El control de los contenidos informativos en la red. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, 41, 297-318. http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/TRC/article/view/22123/18051
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011
Pérez, J. A., & Mugny, G (1988). Psicología de la influencia social. Promolibro.
Perry, B. L., & Ciciurkaite, G. (2019). Contributions of personality to social influence: contingent associations between social network body size composition and BMI. Social Science & Medicine, 224, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2019.01.044
Peterson, R. A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381-391. https://doi.org/10.1086/209405
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986a). Communication and persuasion: central and peripheral routes to attitude change. Springer-Verlag.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986b). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
Polage, D. C. (2012). Making up history: False memories of fake news stories. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i2.456
Rodgers, R. F., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2015). Longitudinal relationships among internalization of the media ideal, peer social comparison, and body dissatisfaction: Implications for the tripartite influence model. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 706-713, https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000013
Ruiz, R., & Castro, Z. (2018). Estadísticas de las tecnologías de información y comunicación en los hogares. Informe técnico No. 2. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
Sánchez, J. (2002). Psicología de los grupos. Teorías, procesos y aplicaciones. McGraw Hill.
Seelbach, G. A. (2012). Teorías de la personalidad. Tercer Milenio.
Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2018). Social media use in 2018. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
Vukasovic, T., & Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: a meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 769-785. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000017
Wegner, D.T., & Petty, R. E. (1996). Effects of mood on persuasion processes: Enhancing, reducing and biasing scrutiny of attitude-relevant information. En L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), A. Striving and feeling: interaction among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 329-362). Lawence Erlbaum
Xu, Q. (2013). Social recommendation, source credibility, and recency: Effects of news cues in a social bookmarking website. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(4), 757-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013503158
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
La aceptación de publicación implica ceder los derechos de impresión y de reproducción por cualquier forma y medio al editor.