Desafíos: Economía y Empresa

Editorial

Dante A. Urbina — Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Environmental, social, and governance policies in Latin America: the path to sustainability

Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This research article addresses the growing importance of ESG policies in the business context, highlighting their role in promoting corporate sustainability and ethics. It focuses on how these policies, ranging from environmental management to social equity, offer significant benefits to companies, such as mitigating risks, improving management and attracting ethical investors. However, it also highlights the possibility of reporting sustainable policies without genuinely complying with them, which distorts reported benefits; referred to as “greenwashing”. Both the challenges and opportunities facing the region are examined, questioning how far it is on track to effectively adopt these policies. The analysis focuses on the implementation of ESG policies in Latin America, linking them to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, the relationship between the implementation of ESG policies and access to sustainable investors, improved operational management, attracting talent and strengthening relationships with clients and communities is explored. Finally, the need to establish regulatory and verification mechanisms to ensure that ESG practices generate a real and measurableimpact is emphasized.

Economic growth, renewable energy, environmental regulation and greenhouse gas emissions: an approach from a var panel for the Andean Community of nations countries

Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This article examines the impacts of economic growth, the consumption of renewable energy sources and environmental regulation on greenhouse gas emissions in the member countries of the Andean Community of Nations, using annual data from 1997 until 2020 using a Panel VAR model. The results show that economic growth directly affects the volume of greenhouse gas emissions. However, this effect is statistically significant only in the initial period, since it subsequently tends to attenuate, a phenomenon that can be explained by the environmental Kuznets curve, which suggests that as nations become richer, they acquire the ability to separate economic growth from the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the findings identify a negative association between the consumption of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions that is only maintained in the short term, as it is subsequently attenuated, a phenomenon that can be attributed to the secondary effects inherent to the use of this new form of energy. clean, such as high implementation costs and the so-called “rebound effect.” Finally, regarding the effect of environmental regulation on greenhouse gas emissions, a negative relationship is observed between both variables that was statistically significant only in the initial period. This situation can be explained by the loss of effectiveness of direct regulatory measures in the sustained reduction of polluting emissions, under the command-and-control scheme, as time passes.

Covid-19 and financial inclusión. A microeconometric análisis for the Peruvian case

Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0500

The objective of the research is to identify the determinants of financial inclusion in Peru for the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, that is, from the beginning of 2019 to the end of 2020. A logistic model was used where the endogenous variable is a financial inclusion dummy as defined by Trivelli y Mendoza (2021). The main findings are that the greater use of technology significantly increases the probability of financial inclusion and that informality reduces the probability of it. In turn, being a woman, the incidence of COVID-19, not belonging to a majority ethnic group and having a secondary education also increases the probability of financial inclusion, but to a lesser extent. Therefore, it is concluded that financial inclusion will improve in cooperation with civil society, the government and firms is highlighted.

Alternative perspectives on economic and financial crises

Juan Sebastian Bendezú Rengifo, Fabrizio Tello Cañari — Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This article addresses economic crises from an interdisciplinary perspective, integrating behavioral economics and quantum economics to overcome the limitations of traditional models. It highlights how behavioral economics, by analyzing cognitive and emotional biases such as risk aversion and herd mentality, provides practical tools like nudges to mitigate crisis effects. On the other hand, quantum economics applies concepts such as superposition and entanglement to model uncertainty and systemic connections in financial markets. Through theoretical analysis and practical recommendations, the article underscores the need to adopt holistic approaches that combine these paradigms to promote financial stability. Concrete measures are proposed, including the integration of interdisciplinary principles into public policies and the development of advanced analytical tools. This approach represents a step toward effectively understanding and managing contemporary economic challenges, offering a foundation for future research and applications in global contexts.

The associativity of Peruvian coffee mypes as a mechanism to promote agro-export

Luis Ernesto Tello Vidal — Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This work deals with the efforts of micro and small coffee producers, who, through their associative and cooperative organizations, promote the production and marketing of their products. They indicate who the producers are, their organizations, the production areas; production and trade statistics; as well as the regulatory framework, problems and obstacles to developing associativity; as well as the conclusions and recommendations. A brief historical overview of associativity and cooperativism in Peru is also explained, how it experienced a period of boom between the fifties, sixties and seventies, and then went through a decline in the eighties and nineties, until observing its behavior in the first two decades of the 20th century. The conclusions and recommendations point to the need to support and promote associativity with the support of the government and private sectors.

Peru: Stable despite everything

Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This research article seeks to answer a crucial question in collective mindset: Why does the Peruvian economy maintain steady growth and not experience a significant downturn despite the ongoing social and political crises the country faces? The reasons outlined in this article are five fundamental pillars of the country’s stability: the independence of key institutions, the “dirty float” exchange rate regime, sound fiscal policy frameworks that ensure current accounts, the constant inflow of foreign exchange through the primary-export model, and finally, advances in diversification that reduce dependence on a single industry. Criticisms, proposals for improvement, and questions that may lead to future research are also addressed in this study.